McDonagh T., Metra M., Adamo M. et al. ESC Scientific Document Group, 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(36):3599 –26. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368..
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368

Zelniker T.A., Wiviott S.D., Raz I. et al. SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet. 2019;393(10166):31–9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32590-X..
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32590-X

Arnold S.V., Kosiborod M., Wang J. et al. Burden of cardio-renal-metabolic conditions in adults with type 2 diabetes within the Diabetes Collaborative Registry. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(8):2000–2003. doi: 10.1111/dom.13303..
DOI: 10.1111/dom.13303

Wu J., Liu Y., Wei X. et al. Antiarrhythmic effects and mechanisms of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: a mini review. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:915455. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.915455..
DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.915455

Zeppenfeld K., Tfelt-Hansen J., de Riva M. et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(40):3997–4126. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac262..
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac262

Hindricks G., Potpara T., Dagres N. et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the Еuropean society of cardiology (ESC) developed with the special contribution of the Еuropean heart rhythm association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(5):373–498. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612..
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612

Aune D., Schlesinger S., Norat T., Riboli E. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of sudden cardiac death: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;28(6):543–56. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.02.011..
DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.02.011

Usman M.S., Siddiqi T.J., Memon M.M. et al. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2018;25(5):495–502. doi: 10.1177/2047487318755531..
DOI: 10.1177/2047487318755531

Fernandes G.C., Fernandes A., Cardoso R. et al. Association of SGLT2 inhibitors with arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in patients with type 2 diabetes or heart failure: a meta-analysis of 34 randomized controlled trials. Heart Rhythm. 2021;18(7):1098–105. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2021.03.028..
DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2021.03.028

Li H.L., Lip G.Y.H., Feng Q. et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and cardiac arrhythmias: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):100. doi: 10.1186/s12933-021-01293-8..
DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01293-8

Xu B., Kang B., Zhou J. Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors with cardiac arrhythmias in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Clin Res Cardiol. 2024 Jun;113(6):910–23. doi: 10.1007/s00392-024-02386-6.
DOI: 10.1007/s00392-024-02386-6

Wang X., Zhang X., Zhang W. et al. Association of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) with cardiac arrhythmias: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Rev. Cardiovasc. Med. 2023;24(9):258. doi: 10.31083/j.rcm2409258..
DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2409258

Sfairopoulos D., Zhang N., Wang Y. et al. Association between sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and risk of sudden cardiac death or ventricular arrhythmias: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Europace. 2022;24(1):20–30. doi: 10.1093/europace/euab177..
DOI: 10.1093/europace/euab177

Yin Z., Zheng H., Guo Z. Effect of sodium-glucose co-transporter protein 2 inhibitors on arrhythmia in heart failure patients with or without type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:902923. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.902923..
DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.902923

Liao J., Ebrahimi R., Ling Z. et al. Effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors on arrhythmia events: insight from an updated secondary analysis of > 80,000 patients (the SGLT2i-Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death). Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23(1):78. doi: 10.1186/s12933-024-02137-x..
DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02137-x

Bell D.S.H., Goncalves E. Atrial fibrillation and type 2 diabetes: Prevalence, etiology, pathophysiology and effect of anti-diabetic therapies. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21(2):210–17. doi: 10.1111/dom.13512..
DOI: 10.1111/dom.13512

Zelniker T.A., Bonaca M.P., Furtado R.H.M. et al. Effect of dapagliflozin on atrial fibrillation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: insights from the DECLARE-TIMI 58 trial. Circulation. 2020;141(15):1227–34. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044183..
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044183

Okunrintemi V., Mishriky B.M., Powell J.R., Cummings D.M. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors and atrial fibrillation in the cardiovascular and renal outcome trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23(1):276–80. doi: 10.1111/dom.14211..
DOI: 10.1111/dom.14211

Pandey A.K., Okaj I., Kaur H. et al. Sodium-glucose co-transporter inhibitors and atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(17):e022222. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.022222..
DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.121.022222

Zheng S., Lai Y., Jiang C. et al. Effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular events in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2024 Jan;47(1):58–65. doi: 10.1111/pace.14880..
DOI: 10.1111/pace.14880

Jang J., Park S., Kim S. et al. Clinical outcomes with the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in patients with atrial fibrillation and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a multi-centre, real-world cohort study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2024 Feb 15;31(3):320–29. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwad322..
DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwad322

Zheng R.J., Wang Y., Tang J.N. et al. Association of SGLT2 inhibitors with risk of trial fibrillation and stroke in patients with and without type 2 diabetes: a systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2022;79(2):e145–e152. doi: 10.1097/FJC.0000000000001183..
DOI: 10.1097/FJC.0000000000001183

Bonora B.M., Raschi E., Avogaro A., Fadini G.P. SGLT-2 inhibitors and atrial fibrillation in the Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):39. doi: 10.1186/s12933-021-01243-4..
DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01243-4

Li W.J., Chen X.Q., Xu L.L. et al. SGLT2 inhibitors and atrial fibrillation in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19(1):130. doi: 10.1186/s12933-020-01105-5..
DOI: 10.1186/s12933-020-01105-5

Li D., Liu Y., Hidru T.H. et al. Protective effects of sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors on atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:619586. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.619586..
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.619586

Sfairopoulos D., Liu T., Zhang N. et al. Association between sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and incident atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Heart Fail Rev. 2023;28(4):925–36. doi: 10.1007/s10741-022-10281-3..
DOI: 10.1007/s10741-022-10281-3

Aistrup G.L., Balke C.W., Wasserstrom J.A. Arrhythmia triggers in heart failure: the smoking gun of [Ca2+]i dysregulation. Heart Rhythm. 2011;8(11):1804–808. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.06.012..
DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.06.012

Jing Y., Yang R., Chen W., Ye Q. Anti-arrhythmic effects of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:898718. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.898718..
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.898718

Kolesnik E., Scherr D., Rohrer U. et al. SGLT2 inhibitors and their antiarrhythmic properties. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(3):1678. doi: 10.3390/ijms23031678..
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031678

Manolis A.A., Manolis T.A., Melita H., Manolis A.S. Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors and cardiac arrhythmias. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2023;33(7):418–28. doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2022.04.003..
DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2022.04.003

Pau, A., Tabaja C., Wazni O. SGLT2 inhibitors and the cardiac rhythm: unraveling the connections. Int J Arrhythm. 2024;25:2.

Ferrannini E., Mark M., Mayoux E. CV Protection in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME Trial: a «thrifty substrate» hypothesis. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(7):1108–14. doi: 10.2337/dc16-0330..
DOI: 10.2337/dc16-0330

Maruyama T., Takashima H., Oguma H. et al. Canagliflozin improves erythropoiesis in diabetes patients with anemia of chronic kidney disease. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2019;21(12):713–20. doi: 10.1089/dia.2019.0212..
DOI: 10.1089/dia.2019.0212

Shattock M.J., Ottolia M., Bers D.M. et al. Na+/Ca2+ exchange and Na+/K+-ATPase in the heart. J Physiol. 2015;593(6):1361–82. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.282319..
DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.282319

Janse M.J. Electrophysiological changes in heart failure and their relationship to arrhythmogenesis. Cardiovasc Res. 2004;61(2):208–17. doi: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2003.11.018..
DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2003.11.018

Rochette L., Zeller M., Cottin Y., Vergely C. Diabetes, oxidative stress and therapeutic strategies. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014;1840(9):2709–29. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.05.017..
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.05.017

Hamouda N.N., Sydorenko V., Qureshi M.A. et al. Dapagliflozin reduces the amplitude of shortening and Ca(2+) transient in ventricular myocytes from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 2015;400(1-2):57–68. doi: 10.1007/s11010-014-2262-5..
DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2262-5

Baartscheer A., Schumacher C.A., Wьst R.C. et al. Empagliflozin decreases myocardial cytoplasmic Na+ through inhibition of the cardiac Na+/H+ exchanger in rats and rabbits. Diabetologia. 2017;60(3):568–73. doi: 10.1007/s00125-016-4134-x..
DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4134-x

Verma S., McMurray J.J.V. SGLT2 inhibitors and mechanisms of cardiovascular benefit: a state-of-the-art review. Diabetologia. 2018;61(10):2108–17. doi: 10.1007/s00125-018-4670-7..
DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4670-7

Lopaschuk G.D., Verma S. Mechanisms of cardiovascular benefits of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors: a state-of-the-art review. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2020;5(6):632–44. doi: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.02.004..
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.02.004

Baker W.L., Smyth L.R., Riche D.M. et al. Effects of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2014;8(4):262–75.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.jash.2014.01.007..
DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2014.01.007

Mazidi M., Rezaie P., Gao H.K., Kengne A.P. Effect of sodium-glucose cotransport-2 inhibitors on blood pressure in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 43 randomized control trials with 22 528 patients. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(6):e004007. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.004007..
DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.116.004007

Jhuo S.J., Liu I.H., Tsai W.C. et al. Effects of secretome from fat tissues on ion currents of cardiomyocyte modulated by sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor. Molecules. 2020;25(16):3606. doi: 10.3390/molecules25163606..
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163606

Sato T., Aizawa Y., Yuasa S. et al. The effect of dapagliflozin treatment on epicardial adipose tissue volume. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s12933-017-0658-8..
DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0658-8

Chan Y.H., Chen S.W., Chao T.F. et al. The impact of weight loss related to risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):93. doi: 10.1186/s12933-021-01285-8..
DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01285-8

Sano M. A new class of drugs for heart failure: SGLT2 inhibitors reduce sympathetic overactivity. J Cardiol. 2018;71(5):471-476. doi: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2017.12.004.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2017.12.004

The Effect of SGLT-2 Inhibitor in Patient With Atrial Fibrillation and Diabetes Mellitus. ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT05029115. URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05029115https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05029115

Effect of Sodium Glucose Co-transporter 2 Inhibitors on Left Atrial Remodeling. ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT05993897. URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05993897https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05993897

Dapagliflozin in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DAPA-AF). ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT05174052. URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05174052https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05174052

Empagliflozin Versus Placebo on the Rate of Arrhythmic Events in Heart Failure Patients (ERA-HF). ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03271879. URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03271879https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03271879