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Статья; ОбзорИскать документыПерейти к записи. 2025 Апр. 18; Т. 16, № 1: 25–34. DOI:10.17816/phbn641818
Метамфетамин как уличный наркотик. Эффекты, наркотическая зависимость и ассоциированные с ними факторы риска
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Аннотация
Метамфетамин является самым распространенным наркотиком амфетаминового ряда, который часто незаконно производится в кустарных условиях и лабораториях из рецептурных и безрецептурных лекарственных препаратов. Незаконно произведенный метамфетамин имеет более 20 уличных названий, среди которых чаще используется «кристалл», «хрустальное стекло» и «горячий лед». Кристаллический метамфетамин напоминает собой осколки бесцветного или светло-голубого стекла, но препарат часто используется в виде порошков, таблеток, пилюль, курительных смесей и растворов для инъекции. Препарат могут вводить внутрь (через рот или прямую кишку), в систему дыхания (в виде ингаляций, вдыхания паров или дыма), в кровь (с помощью инъекций), а также через влагалище. Как правило, он легко всасывается через слизистые оболочки и проникает через гематоэнцефалический барьер. Физиологические эффекты метамфетамина соответствуют эффектам препаратов класса амфетаминов и обусловлены стимуляцией центральной нервной системы, симпатической части вегетативной нервной системы и сердечно-сосудистой системы при одновременном угнетении функциональной активности органов пищеварения. Поэтому эффекты этой группы препаратов очень похожи на физиологические и психологические эффекты, вызываемые эпинефрином и известные как реакция «бей или беги». Этот комплекс изменений включает стимуляцию умственных способностей, внимания, реактивности, настороженности и тревожности (бдительности); улучшение настроения (устранение симптомов депрессии); повышение самооценки; бессонницу; повышение мышечной активности; устранение чувства усталости (эффект допинга); увеличение частоты сердечных сокращений, артериального давления, температуры тела, потливости; сужение периферических артериальных сосудов, расширение бронхов; учащенное дыхание; расширение зрачков; повышение уровня сахара в крови при одновременном подавлении аппетита; замедление перистальтики и тонуса кишечника, желудка, желчного пузыря, желчных путей и мочеточников; уменьшение секреторной деятельности пищеварительных желез и развитие сухости во рту. Высокие дозы могут вызывать паранойю, обострение шизофрении, судороги, сердечно-сосудистый коллапс, инсульт и смерть. Обычно эффекты сохраняются в течение 6–12 ч, но могут продолжаться до 24 ч после приема больших доз. При этом биологический период полувыведения метамфетамина у взрослых людей составляет 4–5 ч. Метамфетамин вызывает сильную зависимость, у него высокий потенциал злоупотребления, поэтому в большинстве стран мира он включен в списки наркотических препаратов.
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Дополнительная информация
Язык текста: Русский
ISSN: 1606-8181
Унифицированный идентификатор ресурса для цитирования: //medj.rucml.ru/journal/45562d50535943484f504841524d41434f4c4f47592d41525449434c452d363431383138/