Collier R.J. Membrane translocation by anthrax toxin. Mol. Aspects Med. 2009; 30(6):413–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2009.06.003..
DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2009.06.003

Swick M.C., Koehler T.M., Driks A. Surviving between hosts: sporulation and transmission. Microbiol. Spectr. 2016; 4(4):10.1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0029-2015. DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0029-2015..
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0029-2015

Park J.M., Greten F.R., Li Z.W., Karin M. Macrophage apoptosis by anthrax lethal factor through p38 MAP kinase inhibition. Science. 2002; 297(5589):2048–51. DOI: 10.1126/science.1073163..
DOI: 10.1126/science.1073163

Sharma S., Bhatnagar R., Gaur D. Bacillus anthracis poly- γ-D-glutamate capsule inhibits opsonic phagocytosis by impeding complement activation. Front. Immunol. 2020; 11:462. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00462..
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00462

Ehling-Schulz M., Lereclus D., Koehler T.M. The Bacillus cereus group: Bacillus species with pathogenic potential. Microbiol. Spectr. 2019; 7(3):10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0032-2018. DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0032-2018..
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0032-2018

Dragon D.C., Rennie R.P. The ecology of anthrax spores: tough but not invincible. Can. Vet. J. 1995; 36(5):295–301. PMID: 7773917; PMCID: PMC1686874.

Brawand S. G., Kittl S., Dettwiler M., Thomann A., Feyer S., Cachim J., Theubet G., Liechti N., Wittwer M., Schürch N., Oberhänsli S., Heinimann A., Jores J. An unusual case of bovine anthrax in the canton of Jura, Switzerland in 2017. BMC Vet. Res. 2019; 15(1):265. DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1996-4..
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1996-4

Timofeev V., Bahtejeva I., Mironova R., Titareva G., Lev I., Christiany D., Borzilov A., Bogun A., Vergnaud G. Insights from Bacillus anthracis strains isolated from permafrost in the tundra zone of Russia. PLoS One. 2019; 14(5):e0209140. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209140..
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209140

Anthrax in humans and animals. 4th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.

Finke E.J., Beyer W., Loderstädt U., Frickmann H. Review: The risk of contracting anthrax from spore-contaminated soil – A military medical perspective. Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol. (Bp). 2020; 10(2):29–63. DOI: 10.1556/1886.2020.00008..
DOI: 10.1556/1886.2020.00008

Ngetich W. Review of anthrax: a disease of animals and humans. Int. J. Agric. Environ. Bio-res. 2019; 4(1):123–34.

Munyua P., Bitek A., Osoro E., Pieracci E.G., Muema J., Mwatondo A., Kungu M., Nanyingi M., Gharpure R., Njenga K., Thumbi S.M. Prioritization of zoonotic diseases in Kenya, 2015. PLoS One. 2016; 11(8):e0161576. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161576..
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161576

Carlson C.J., Kracalik I.T., Ross N., Alexander K.A., HughJones M.E., Fegan M., Elkin B.T., Epp T., Shury T.K., Zhang W., Bagirova M., Getz W.M., Blackburn J.K. The global distribution of Bacillus anthracis and associated anthrax risk to humans, livestock and wildlife. Nat. Microbiol. 2019; 4(8):1337–43. DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0435-4..
DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0435-4

Webb G.F. A silent bomb: the risk of anthrax as a weapon of mass destruction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 2003; 100(8):4355–6. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0830963100..
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0830963100

Savransky V., Ionin B., Reece J. Current status and trends in prophylaxis and management of anthrax disease. Pathogens. 2020; 9(5):370. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050370..
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050370

Cieslak T.J., Eitzen E.M.Jr. Clinical and epidemiologic principles of anthrax. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 1999; 5(4):552–5. DOI: 10.3201/eid0504.990418..
DOI: 10.3201/eid0504.990418

CDC Anthrax. [Internet]. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/index.html (Accessed: October 10, 2019).https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/index.html

Zasada AA. Injectional anthrax in human: A new face of the old disease. Adv. Clin. Exp. Med. 2018; 27(4):553–8. DOI: 10.17219/acem/68380..
DOI: 10.17219/acem/68380

Carlson C.J., Getz W.M., Kausrud K.L., Cizauskas C.A., Blackburn J.K., Bustos Carrillo F.A., Colwell R., Easterday W.R., Ganz H.H., Kamath P.L., Økstad O.A., Turner W.C., Kolstø A.B., Stenseth N.C. Spores and soil from six sides: interdisciplinarity and the environmental biology of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis). Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 2018; 93(4):1813–31. DOI: 10.1111/brv.12420..
DOI: 10.1111/brv.12420

Turner W.C., Kausrud K.L., Krishnappa Y.S., Cromsigt J.P., Ganz H.H., Mapaure I., Cloete C.C., Havarua Z., Küsters M., Getz W.M., Stenseth N.C. Fatal attraction: vegetation responses to nutrient inputs attract herbivores to infectious anthrax carcass sites. Proc. Biol. Sci. 2014; 281(1795):20141785. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1785..
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1785

Ganz H.H., Turner W.C., Brodie E.L., Kusters M., Shi Y., Sibanda H., Torok T., Getz W.M. Interactions between Bacillus anthracis and plants may promote anthrax transmission. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2014; 8(6):e2903. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002903..
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002903

Joly K., Gurarie E., Sorum M.S., Kaczensky P., Cameron M.D., Jakes A.F., Borg B.L., Nandintsetseg D., Hopcraft J.G.C., Buuveibaatar B., Jones P.F., Mueller T., Walzer C., Olson K.A., Payne J.C., Yadamsuren A., Hebblewhite M. Longest terrestrial migrations and movements around the world. Sci. Rep. 2019; 9(1):15333. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51884-5..
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51884-5

Cizauskas C.A., Bellan S.E., Turner W.C., Vance R.E., Getz W.M. Frequent and seasonally variable sublethal anthrax infections are accompanied by short-lived immunity in an endemic system. J. Anim. Ecol. 2014; 83(5):1078–90. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12207..
DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12207

Fox M.D., Boyce J.M., Kaufmann A.F., Young J.B., Whitford H.W. An epizootiologic study of anthrax in Falls County, Texas. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1977; 170(3):327–33. PMID: 401803.

Turner W.C., Kausrud K.L., Beyer W., Easterday W.R., Barandongo Z.R., Blaschke E., Cloete C.C., Lazak J., Van Ert M.N., Ganz H.H., Turnbull P.C., Stenseth N.C., Getz W.M. Lethal exposure: An integrated approach to pathogen transmission via environmental reservoirs. Sci. Rep. 2016; 6:27311. DOI: 10.1038/srep27311..
DOI: 10.1038/srep27311

Hanna P.C., Ireland J.A. Understanding Bacillus anthracis pathogenesis. Trends Microbiol. 1999; 7(5):180–2. DOI: 10.1016/s0966-842x(99)01507-3..
DOI: 10.1016/s0966-842x(99)01507-3

Frederick R.S., Ernest T.T., David R.F. Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. Washington: Office of the Surgeon General, Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center; 1997. Р. 467–478.

Xie T., Sun C., Uslu K., Auth R.D., Fang H., Ouyang W., Frucht D.M. A new murine model for gastrointestinal anthrax infection. PLoS One. 2013; 8(6):e66943. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066943..
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066943

Bishop B.L., Lodolce J.P., Kolodziej L.E., Boone D.L., Tang W.J. The role of anthrolysin O in gut epithelial barrier disruption during Bacillus anthracis infection. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2010; 394(2):254–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.091..
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.091

Hugh-Jones M., Blackburn J. The ecology of Bacillus anthracis. Mol. Aspects Med. 2009; 30(6):356–67. DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2009.08.003..
DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2009.08.003

Hugh-Jones M.E., de Vos V. Anthrax and wildlife. Rev. Sci. Tech. 2002; 21(2):359–83. DOI: 10.20506/rst.21.2.1336..
DOI: 10.20506/rst.21.2.1336

Hampson K., Lembo T., Bessell P., Auty H., Packer C., Halliday J., Beesley C.A., Fyumagwa R., Hoare R., Ernest E., Mentzel C., Metzger K.L., Mlengeya T., Stamey K., Roberts K., Wilkins P.P., Cleaveland S. Predictability of anthrax infection in the Serengeti, Tanzania. J. Appl. Ecol. 2011; 48(6):1333–44. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02030.x..
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02030.x

Appleby J.C. The isolation and classification of proteolytic bacteria from the rumen of the sheep. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1955; 12(3):526–33. DOI: 10.1099/00221287-12-3-526..
DOI: 10.1099/00221287-12-3-526

Fox M.D., Kaufmann A.F., Zendel S.A., Kolb R.C., Songy Jr. C.G., Cangelosi D.A., Fuller C.E. Anthrax in Louisiana, 1971: epizootiologic study. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1973; 163(5):446–51.

Gates C.C., Elkin B.T., Dragon D.C. Investigation, control and epizootiology of anthrax in a geographically isolated, freeroaming bison population in northern Canada. Can. J. Vet. Res. 1995; 59(4):256–64.

Ruckstuhl K.E. Sexual segregation in vertebrates: proximate and ultimate causes. Integr. Comp. Biol. 2007; 47(2):245–57. DOI: 10.1093/icb/icm030..
DOI: 10.1093/icb/icm030

Lindeque P.M., Turnbull P.C. Ecology and epidemiology of anthrax in the Etosha National Park, Namibia. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 1994;61(1):71–83.

Barboza P.S., Bowyer T.R. Sexual segregation in dimorphic deer: a new gastrocentric hypothesis. J. Mammalogy. 2000; 81(2):473–89. DOI: 10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0473:SSIDDA>2.0.CO;2..
DOI: 10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0473:SSIDDA>2.0.CO;2

Yang A., Proffitt K.M., Asher V., Ryan S.J., Blackburn J.K. Sex-specific elk resource selection during the anthrax risk period. J. Wildl. Manag. 2020; 84(7):1–11. DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21952..
DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21952

Diao Q., Zhang R., Fu T. Review of strategies to promote rumen development in calves. Animals (Basel). 2019; 9(8):490. DOI: 10.3390/ani9080490..
DOI: 10.3390/ani9080490

Glomski I.J., Piris-Gimenez A., Huerre M., Mock M., Goossens P.L. Primary involvement of pharynx and peyer’s patch in inhalational and intestinal anthrax. PLoS Pathog. 2007; 3(6):e76. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030076..
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030076

Coleman M.E., Thran B., Morse S.S., Hugh-Jones M., Massulik S. Inhalation anthrax: dose response and risk analysis. Biosecur. Bioterror. 2008; 6(2):147–60. DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2007.0066..
DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2007.0066

Druette H.A., Henderson D.W., Packman L., Peacock S. Studies on respiratory infection. I. The influence of particle size on respiratory infection with anthrax spores. J. Hyg. (Lond). 1953; 51(3):359–71. DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400015795..
DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400015795

Schelkle B., Choi Y., Baillie L.W., Richter W., Buyuk F., Celik E., Wendling M., Sahin M., Gallagher T. Caenorhabditis elegans predation on Bacillus anthracis: Decontamination of spore contaminated soil with germinants and nematodes. Front. Microbiol. 2018; 8:2601. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02601..
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02601

Dragon D.C., Rennie R.P., Elkin B.T. Detection of anthrax spores in endemic regions of northern Canada. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2001; 91(3):435–41. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01389.x..
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01389.x

Curie M. Anthrax environmental decontamination network. [Internet]. URL: https://aednetproject.wordpress.com (Accessed: October 20, 2019).https://aednetproject.wordpress.com

Turnbull P.C., Lindeque P.M., Le Roux J., Bennett A.M., Parks S.R. Airborne movement of anthrax spores from carcass sites in the Etosha National Park, Namibia. J. Appl. Microbiol. 1998; 84(4):667–76. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.00394.x..
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.00394.x

Peters C.J., Hartley D.M. Anthrax inhalation and lethal human infection. Lancet. 2002; 359(9307):710–1. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07792-9..
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07792-9

Barandongo Z.R., Mfune J.K.E., Turner W.C. Dust-bathing behaviors of African herbivores and the potential risk of inhalational anthrax. J. Wildl. Dis. 2018; 54:34–44. DOI: 10.7589/2017-04-069..
DOI: 10.7589/2017-04-069

Brachman P.S., Kaufman A.F., Dalldorf F.G. Industrial inhalation Anthrax. Bacteriol. Rev. 1966; 30(3):646–59. DOI: 10.1128/br.30.3.646-659.1966..
DOI: 10.1128/br.30.3.646-659.1966

D’Amelio E., Gentile B., Lista F., D’Amelio R. Historical evolution of human anthrax from occupational disease to potentially global threat as bioweapon. Environ. Int. 2015; 85: 133–46. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.009..
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.009

Kraneveld F.C., Mansjoer M. Anthrax bacilli in the digestive tract of Tabanus rubidus. Nederlands-indische Bladen Voor Diergeneeskunde. 1939: 51:62–75.

Kraneveld F.C., Djaenodin M. Test on the dissemination of anthrax by Tabanus rubidus, in horses and buffalo. Nederlandsindische Bladen Voor Diergeneeskunde. 1940; 52: 339–80.

Blackburn J.K. Evaluating the spatial ecology of anthrax in North America: examining epidemiological components across multiple geographic scales using a GIS-based approach: doctoral dissertation. LA: Louisiana State University; 2006. 141 p.

Turell M.J., Knudson G.B. Mechanical transmission of Bacillus anthracis by stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) and mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Aedes taeniorhynchus). Infect. Immun. 1987; 55(8):1859–61. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.55.8.1859-1861.1987..
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.55.8.1859-1861.1987

Morris H. Blood-sucking insects as transmitters of anthrax or charbon. LSU Agricultural Experiment Station Reports 1918. [Internet]. URL: http://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/agexp/302 (Accessed: October 22, 2019).http://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/agexp/302

Braack L.E., De Vos V. Feeding habits and flight range of blow-flies (Chrysomyia spp.) in relation to anthrax transmission in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Onderstepoort. J. Vet. Res. 1990; 57(2):141–2.

Fasanella A., Scasciamacchia S., Garofolo G., Giangaspero A., Tarsitano E., Adone R. Evaluation of the house fly Musca domestica as a mechanical vector for an anthrax. PLoS One. 2010; 5(8):e12219. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012219..
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012219

Grunow R., Verbeek L., Jacob D., Holzmann T., Birkenfeld G., Wiens D., von Eichel-Streiber L., Grass G., Reischl U. Injection anthrax – a new outbreak in heroin users. Dtsch. Arztebl. Int. 2012; 109(49):843–8. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2012.0843..
DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2012.0843

Russell L., Pedersen M., Jensen A.V., Søes L.M., Hansen A.B. Two anthrax cases with soft tissue infection, severe oedema and sepsis in Danish heroin users. BMC Infect. Dis. 2013; 13:408. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-408..
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-408

Hanczaruk M., Reischl U., Holzmann T., Frangoulidis D., Wagner D.M., Keim P.S., Antwerpen M.H., Meyer H., Grass G. Injectional anthrax in heroin users, Europe, 2000–2012. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2014; 20(2):322–3. DOI: 10.3201/eid2002.120921..
DOI: 10.3201/eid2002.120921

Van Ert M.N., Easterday W.R., Huynh L.Y., Okinaka R.T., Hugh-Jones M.E., Ravel J., Zanecki S.R., Pearson T., Simonson T.S., U’Ren J.M., Kachur S.M., Leadem-Dougherty R.R., Rhoton S.D., Zinser G., Farlow J., Coker P.R., Smith K.L., Wang B., Kenefic L.J., Fraser-Liggett C.M., Wagner D.M., Keim P. Global genetic population structure of Bacillus anthracis. PLoS One. 2007; 2(5):e461. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000461..
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000461

Kolstø A.B., Tourasse N.J., Økstad O.A. What sets Bacillus anthracis apart from other Bacillus species? Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2009; 63:451–76. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.091208.073255..
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.091208.073255

Vergnaud G. Bacillus Anthracis evolutionary history: taking advantage of the topology of the phylogenetic tree and of human history to propose dating points. Erciyes. Med. J. 2020; 42(4):362–9. DOI: 10.14744/etd.2020.64920..
DOI: 10.14744/etd.2020.64920