Willott G.M. Frequency of azoospermia. Forensic Sci Int 1982;20(1):9–10.
DOI: 10.1016/0379-0738(82)90099-8
Jarow J.P., Espeland M.A., Lipshultz L.I. Evaluation of the azoospermic patient. J Urol 1989;142(1):62–5
Temple-Smith P.D., Southwick G.J., Yates C.A. et al. Human pregnancy by in vitro fertilization (IVF) using sperm aspirated from the epididymis. J In Vitro Fert and Embryo Transf 1985;2(3):119–22.
DOI: 10.1007/BF01131497
Silber S., Ord T., Borrero C. et al. New treatment for infertility due to congenital absence of vas deferens. Lancet 1987;2(8563):850–1.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(87)91031-2
Palermo G., Joris H., Devroey P., Van Steirteghem A.C. Pregnancies after intracytoplasmic injection of single spermatozoon into an oocyte. Lancet 1992;340(8810):17–8.
DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)92425-F
Van Steirteghem A.C., Nagy Z., Joris H. et al. High fertilization and implantation rates after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum Reprod 1993;8(7):1061–6.
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138192
Craft I., Bennett V., Nicholson N. Fertilising ability of testicular spermatozoa. Lancet 1993;342(8875):864.
DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92722-6
Schoysman R., Vanderzwalmen P., Nijs M. et al. Pregnancy after fertilisation with human testicular spermatozoa. Lancet 1993;342(8881):1237.
DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92217-H
Devroey P., Liu J., Nagy Z. et al. Normal fertilization of human oocytes after testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril 1994;62(3):639–41.
DOI: 10.1016/S00150282(16)56958-1
Tournaye H., Camus M., Goossens A. et al. Recent concepts in the management of infertility because of non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod 1995;10 Suppl 1:115–9.
DOI: 10.1093/humrep/10.suppl_1.115
Devroey P., Liu J., Nagy Z. et al. Pregnancies after testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in nonobstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod 1995;10(6):1457–60.
DOI: 10.1093/humrep/10.6.1457
Kahraman S., Ozgür S., Alataş C. et al. Fertility with testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in non-obstructive azoospermic men. Hum Reprod 1996;11(4):756–60.
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep. a019249
Friedler S., Raziel A., Strassburger D. et al. Testicular sperm retrieval by percutaneous fine needle sperm aspiration compared with testicular sperm extraction by open biopsy in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod 1997;12(7):1488–93.
DOI: 10.1093/humrep/12.7.1488
Schlegel P.N., Palermo G.D., Goldstein M. et al. Testicular sperm extraction with intracytoplasmic sperm injection for nonobstructive azoospermia. Urology 1997;49(3):435–40.
DOI: 10.1016/S00904295(97)00032-0
Rosenlund B., Kvist U., Plöen L. et al. A comparison between open and percutaneous needle biopsies in men with azoospermia. Hum Reprod 1998;13(5): 1266–71.
DOI: 10.1093/humrep/13.5.1266
Tournaye H., Liu J., Nagy P.Z. et al. Correlation between testicular histology and outcome after intracytoplasmic sperm injection using testicular spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 1996;11(1):127–32.
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019004
Hauser R., Botchan A., Amit A. et al. Multiple testicular sampling in non-obstructive azoospermia – is it necessary? Hum Reprod 1998;13(11):3081–5.
DOI: 10.1093/humrep/13.11.3081
Schlegel P.N., Su L.M. Physiological consequences of testicular sperm extraction. Hum Reprod 1997;12(8):1688–92.
DOI: 10.1093/humrep/12.8.1688
Tash J.A., Schlegel P.N. Histologic effects of testicular sperm extraction on the testicle in men with nonobstructive azoospermia. Urology 2001;57(2):334–7.
DOI: 10.1016/S0090-4295(00)00901-8
Craft I., Tsirigotis M., Courtauld E., Farrer-Brown G. Testicular needle aspiration as an alternative to biopsy for the assessment of spermatogenesis. Hum Reprod 1997;12(7):1483–7.
DOI: 10.1093/humrep/12.7.1483
Schlegel P.N. Testicular sperm extraction: microdissection improves sperm yield with minimal tissue excision. Hum Reprod 1999;14(1):131–5.
DOI: 10.1093/humrep/14.1.131
Okada H., Dobashi M., Yamazaki T. et al. Conventional versus microdissection testicular sperm extraction for nonobstructive azoospermia. J Urol 2002;168(3):1063–7.
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64575-2
Ramasamy R., Yagan N., Schlegel P.N. Structural and functional changes to the testis after conventional versus microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Urology 2005;65(6):1190–4.
DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2004.12.059
Tsujimura A., Matsumiya K., Miyagawa Y. et al. Conventional multiple or microdissection testicular sperm extraction: a comparative study. Hum Reprod 2002;17(11):2924–9.
DOI: 10.1093/humrep/17.11.2924
Ishikawa T., Nose R., Yamaguchi K. et al. Learning curves of microdissection testicular sperm extraction for nonobstructive azoospermia. Fertil Steril 2010;94(3):1008–11.
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.03.108
Tsujimura A., Matsumiya K., Miyagawa Y. et al. Prediction of successful outcome of microdissection testicular sperm extraction in men with idiopathic nonobstructive azoospermia. J Urol 2004; 172(5 pt 1):1944–7.
DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000142885.20116.60
Enatsu N., Miyake H., Chiba K. et al. Predictive factors of successful sperm retrieval on microdissection testicular sperm extraction in Japanese men. Reprod Med Biol 2015;15(1):29–33.
DOI: 10.1007/s12522-015-0212-x
Schlegel P.N. Causes of azoospermia and their management. Reprod Fertil Dev 2004;16(5):561–72.
DOI: 10.1071/RD03087
Jarow J., Sigman M., Kolettis P. et al. The management of obstructive azoospermia: AUA best practice statement. Linthicum (MD): American Urological Association, 2010.
De Braekeleer M., Dao T.N. Cytogenetic studies in male infertility: a review. Hum Reprod 1991;6(2):245–50.
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137315
Brandell R.A., Mielnik A., Liotta D. et al. AZFb deletions predict the absence of spermatozoa with testicular sperm extraction: preliminary report of a prognostic genetic test. Hum Reprod 1998;13(10):2812–5.
DOI: 10.1093/humrep/13.10.2812
Hopps C.V., Mielnik A., Goldstein M. et al. Detection of sperm in men with Y chromosome microdeletions of the AZFa, AZFb and AZFc regions. Hum Reprod 2003;18(8):1660–5.
DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deg348
Craft I., Shrivastav P. Treatment of male infertility. Lancet 1994;344(8916):191–2.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92792-8
Lewin A., Weiss D.B., Friedler S. et al. Delivery following intracytoplasmic injection of mature sperm cells recovered by testicular fine needle aspiration in a case of hypergonadotropic azoospermia due to maturation arrest. Hum Reprod 1996;11(4):769–71.
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019252
Morey A.F., Deshon G.E. Jr, Rozanski T.A., Dresner M.L. Technique of biopsy gun testis needle biopsy. Urology 1993;42(3):325–6.
DOI: 10.1016/00904295(93)90625-K
Hovatta O., Moilanen J., von Smitten K., Reima I. Testicular needle biopsy, open biopsy, epididymal aspiration and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod 1995;10(10):2595–9.
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a135752
Bourne H., Watkins W., Speirs A., Baker H.W. Pregnancies after intracytoplasmic injection of sperm collected by fine needle biopsy of the testis. Fertil Steril 1995;64(2):433–6.
DOI: 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)57747-4
El-Haggar S., Mostafa T., Abdel Nasser T. et al. Fine needle aspiration vs. mTESE in non-obstructive azoospermia. Int J Androl 2008;31(6):595–601.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00814.x
Enatsu N., Chiba K., Fujisawa M. The development of surgical sperm extraction and new challenges to improve the outcome. Reprod Med Biol 2015;15(3): 137–44.
DOI: 10.1007/s12522-015-0228-2
Nicopoullos J.D., Gilling-Smith C., Almeida P.A. et al. Use of surgical sperm retrieval in azoospermic men: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2004;82(3):691–701.
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.02.116
Donoso P., Tournaye H., Devroey P. Which is the best sperm retrieval technique for non-obstructive azoospermia? a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2007;13(6):539–49.
DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmm029
Deruyver Y., Vanderschueren D., Van der Aa F. Outcome of microdissection TESE compared with conventional TESE in non-obstructive azoospermia: a systematic review. Andrology 2014;2(1):20–4.
DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2013.00148.x
Gil-Salom M., Romero J., Mínguez Y. et al. Testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a chance of fertility in nonobstructive azoospermia. J Urol 1998;160(6 Pt 1):2063–7.
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62243-2
Silber S.J., Nagy Z., Devroey P. et al. Distribution of spermatogenesis in the testicles of azoospermic men: the presence or absence of spermatids in the testes of men with germinal failure. Hum Reprod 1997;12(11):2422–8.
DOI: 10.1093/humrep/12.11.2422
Witt M., Richard J.R., Smith S.E. et al. The benefit of additional biopsy sites when performing testicular sperm extraction in non obstructive azoospermia. Fertil Steril 1997;1001:S79–80.
Schlegel P., Li S. Microdissection TESE: sperm retrieval in non-obstructive azoopsermia. Hum Reprod Update 1998;4(4):439.
DOI: 10.1093/humupd/4.4.439
Esteves S.C., Miyaoka R., Agarwal A. Sperm retrieval techniques for assisted reproduction. Int Braz J Urol 2011;37(5):570–83.
DOI: 10.1590/S167755382011000500002
Ghalayini I.F., Al-Ghazo M.A., Hani O.B. et al. Clinical comparison of conventional testicular sperm extraction and microdissection techniques for non-obstructive azoospermia. J Clin Med Res 2011;3(3):124–31.
DOI: 10.4021/jocmr542w
Amer M., Ateyah A., Hany R., Zohdy W. Prospective comparative study between microsurgical and conventional testicular sperm extraction in non-obstructive azoospermia: follow-up by serial ultrasound examinations. Hum Reprod 2000;15(3):653–6.
DOI: 10.1093/humrep/15.3.653
Bernie A.M., Mata D.A., Ramasamy R., Schlegel P.N. Comparison of microdissection testicular sperm extraction, conventional testicular sperm extraction, and testicular sperm aspiration for nonobstructive azoospermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2015;104(5):1099–103.
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.07.1136
Kovacic B., Vlaisavljevic V., Reljic M. Clinical use of pentoxifylline for activation of immotile testicular sperm before ICSI in patients with azoospermia. J Androl 2006;27(1):45–52.
DOI: 10.2164/jandrol.05079
Foresta C., Garolla A., Bettella A. et al. Doppler ultrasound of the testis in azoospermic subjects as a parameter of testicular function. Hum Reprod 1998;13(11):3090–3.
DOI: 10.1093/humrep/13.11.3090
Har-Toov J., Eytan O., Hauser R. et al. A new power Doppler ultrasound guiding technique for improved testicular sperm extraction. Fertil Steril 2004;81(2):430–4.
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.07.020
Herwig R., Tosun K., Schuster A. et al. Tissue perfusion-controlled guided biopsies are essential for the outcome of testicular sperm extraction. Fertil Steril 2007;87(5):1071–6.
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.10.010
Enatsu N., Miyake H., Chiba K., Fujisawa M. Identification of spermatogenically active regions in rat testes by using narrow band imaging system. Urology 2015;86(5):929–35.
DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.08.021
Ramasamy R., Sterling J., Fisher E.S. et al. Identification of spermatogenesis with multiphoton microscopy: an evaluation in a rodent model. J Urol 2011;186(6):2487–92.
DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.07.081
Ramasamy R., Sterling J., Manzoor M. et al. Full field optical coherence tomography can identify spermatogenesis in a rodent sertoli-cell only model. J Pathol Inform 2012;3:4.
DOI: 10.4103/2153-3539.93401