Bousqet J, Mantzouranis E, Cruz AA, et al. Uniform definition of asthma severity, control and exacerbations: document presented for the World Health Organization Consultation on Severe Asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.. 2010;126:926-38.
Chung KF, Godard P, Adelroth E, et al. Difficult/therapy-resistant asthma: the need for an integrated approach to define clinical phenotypes, evaluate risk factors, understand pathophysiology and find novel therapies ERS Task Force on Difficult/Therapy-Resistant Asthma European Respiratory Society. Eur. Respir.J., 1999;13:1198-1208.
Proceedings of the ATS Workshop on Refractory Asthma. Am. J. Respir. Cri.t Care Med, 2000; 162:2341-51.
The ENFUMOSA cross-sectional European multicenter study of the clinical phenotype of chronic severe asthma. European Network for Understanding Mechanisms of Severe asthma. Eur. Respir.J., 2003;22:470-7.
Dolan CM, Fraher KE, Bleecker ER, et al. Design and baseline characteristics of epidemiology and natural history of asthma: Outcomes and treatment Regimens (TENOR) study: a large cohort of patients with severe or difficult-to-treat asthma. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 2004;92;32-9.
Simpson JL, Scott R, Boyle MJ, et al. Inflammatory subtypes in asthma: assessment and identification using induced sputum. Respirology, 2006;11:54-61.
Moore WC, Meyers DA, Wenzel SE, et al. Identification of asthma phenotypes using cluster analysis in the Severe Asthma Research Program. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med., 2010;181:315-23.
Haldar P, Pavord ID, Shaw DE, et al. Cluster analysis and clinical asthma phenotypes. Am. J. Respi.r Crit Care. Med.. 2008;178:218-24.
Siroux V, Basagana X, Boudier A, et al. Identifying adult asthma phenotypes using a clustering approach. Eur. Respir.J, 2011;38:310-7.
Wenzel S. Severe asthma: from characteristics to phenotypes to endotypes. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 2012; 42:650-658.
Anderson GP. Endotyping asthma: new insights into key pathogenic mechanisms in a complex, heterogeneous disease. Lancet, 2008;372:1107-19.
Lötvall J, Akdis CA, Bacharier LB, Bjermer L, Casale TB, Custovic A, Lemanske RF, Jr, Wardlaw AJ, Wenzel SE, Greenberger PA. Asthma endotypes: a new approach to classification of disease entities within the asthma syndrome. J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol., 2011;127(2):355-60.
Adams NP, Bestall JC, Jones P, et al. Fluticasone at different doses for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Datebase Syst. Rev., 2008;4:CD003534.
Szefler SJ, Martin RJ, King TS, et al. Significant variability in response to inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma. J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol., 2002;109:410-8.
Tattersfield AE, Harrison TW, Hubbard RB, et al. Safety of inhaled corticosteroids. Proc Am Thorac Soc, 2004;1:171-5.
Colice GL. The newly developed inhaled corticosteroid ciclesonide for the treatment of asthma. Expert Opin Pharmacother, 2006;7:2107-17.
O’Connor BJ, Kilfeather S, Cheung D, et al. Efficacy and safety of ciclesonide in patients with severe asthma: a 12-week, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study with long-term (1-year) follow-up. Expert Opin. Pharmacother, 2010:11(17):1-13.
Harnest U, Price D, Howes T, Sussman G. Comparison of mometasone furoate dry powder inhaler and fluticasone propionate dry powder inhaler in patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma requiring high-dose inhaled corticosteroid therapy: findings from a noninferiority trial. J Asthma. Apr, 2008;45(3):215-220.
Deeks ED, Perry CM Ciclesonide A Review of its use in the Management of Asthma. Drugs, 2008;68:1741-1770.
Sahasranaman S, Issar M, Hochhaus G. Metabolism of mometasone furoate and biological activity of the metabolites. Drug Metab Dispos, 2006;34:225-33.
Salpeter SR, Buckley NS, Ormiston TM, et al. Meta-analysis: effect of long-acting beta-agonists on severe asthma exacerbations and asthma-related deaths. Ann Intern Med, 2006;144:904-12.
Bateman ED, Boushey HA, Bousquet J, et al. Can guideline-defined asthma control be achieved? The Gaining Optimal Asthma Control study. Am J Respir Crit care Med, 2004;170:836-44.
Pauwels RA, Lofdahl CG, Postma DS, et al. Effect of inhaled formoterol and budesonide on exacerbations of asthma. Formoterol and Corticosteroids Establishing Therapy (FACET) International study Group. N Engl J Med, 1997;337:1405-11.
Huchon G, Magnussen H, Chuchalin A, et al. Lung function and asthma control with beclomethasone and formoterol in single inhaler. Respir Medicine, 2009;103:41-49.
Meltzer EO, Kuna P, Nolte H, et al. Mometasone furoate/formoterol reduces asthma deteriorations and improves lung function. Eur Respir J, 2012;39(2):279-89.
Ducharme FM, Ni Chroinin M, Greenstone I, Lasserson TJ. Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled steroids versus higher dose inhaled steroids in adults and children with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(4):CD005533
Robinson DS, Campbell D, Barnes PJ. Addition of leukotriene antagonists to therapy in chronic persistent asthma: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2001;357(9273):2007-2011.
Storms W, Michele TM, Knorr B, et al. Clinical safety and tolerability of montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, in controlled clinical trials in patients aged > or ¼ 6 years. Clin Exp Allergy, 2001;31(1):77-87.
Busse W, Corren J, Lanier BQ, et al. Omalizumab, anti-IgE recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of severe allergic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2001;108: 84-190.
Lanier BQ, Corren J, Lumry W, Liu J, Fowler-Taylor A, Gupta N. Omalizumab is effective in the long-term control of severe allergic asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 2003;91:154-159.
Holgate S, Chuchalin AG, He´bert J, et al. Efficacy and safety of a recombinant anti-immunoglobulin E antibody (omalizumab) in severe allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy, 2004;34:632-638.
Humbert M, Beasley R, Ayres J, et al. Benefits of omalizumab as add-on therapy in patients with severe persistent asthma who are inadequately controlled despite best available therapy (GINA 2002 step 4 treatment): INNOVATE. Allergy, 2005;60(3):309-316.
Hanania NA, Alpan O, Hamilos DL, Condemi JJ, Reyes-Rivera I, Zhu J, et al. Omalizumab in severe allergic asthma inadequately controlled with standard therapy: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med., 2011;154:573-582.
Rodrigo GJ, Neffen H, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous omalizumab vs placebo as add-on therapy to corticosteroids for children and adults with asthma: a systematic review. Chest., 2011;139:28-35.
Lanier B, Bridges T, Kulus M, Taylor AF, Berhane I, Vidaurre CF; Omalizumab for the treatment of exacerbations in children with inadequately controlled allergic (IgE-mediated) asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2009;1246:1210-1216.
Barnes PJ. Glucocorticosteroids: current and future directions. Br J Pharmacol., 2011;163:29-43.
Schacke H, Schottelius A, Docke WD, Strehlke P, Jaroch S, Schmees N, et al. Dissociation of transactivation from transrepression by a selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist leads to separation of therapeutic effects from side effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:227-232.
De Bosscher K. Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010;120:96-104.
Cazzola M, Calzetta L, Matera MG. Beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists: current and future direction. Br J Pharmacol. 2011;163:4-17.
Barnes PJ Severe asthma: Advances in current management and future therapy. J Allergy and Clin Immunology 2012;129:48-59.
Humbert M, Corrigan CJ, Durham SR, et al. Relationship between bronchial mucosal IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA expression and disease severity in atopic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156:704-708.
Flood-Page PT, Menzies-Gow AN, Kay AB, Robinson DS Eosinophil’s role remains uncertain as anti-interleukin-5 only partially depletes numbers in asthmatic airway. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167:199-204.
Flood-Page P, Swenson C, Faiferman I, Matthews J, Williams M, et al. A study to evaluate safety and efficacy of mepolizumab in patients with moderate persistent asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;176: 1062-71.
Nair P, Pizzichini MM, Kjarsgaard M, Inman MD, Efthimiadis A, et al. Mepolizumab for prednisone-dependent asthma with sputum eosinophilia. N Engl J Med 2009;360:985-93.
Haldar P, Brightling CE, Hargadon B, Gupta S, Monteiro W, et al. Mepolizumab and exacerbations of refractory eosinophilic asthma. N Engl J Med 2009;360:973-84.
Pavord ID, Korn S, Howarth P, Bleecker ER, Buhl R, et al. Mepolizumab for severe eosinophilic asthma (DREAM): a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2012;18 380: 651-9.
Сastro M, Mathur S, Hargreave F, Boulet LP, Xie F, Young J, et al. Reslizumab for poorly controlled, eosinophilic asthma: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;[Epub ahead of print].
Wenzel SE. Asthma phenotypes: the evolution from clinical to molecular approaches. Nat Med. 2012;18(5):716-725.
Saha SK, Berry MA, Parker D, et al. Increased sputum and bronchial biopsy IL-13 expression in severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(3):685-691.
Sidhu SS, Yuan S, Innes AL, et al. Roles of epithelial cell-derived periostin in TGF-β activation, collagen production, and collagen gel elasticity in asthma. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(32):14170-14175.
Corren J, Lemanske RF, Hanania NA, et al. Lebrikizumab treatment in adults with asthma. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(12):1088-1098.
Scheerens H, Arron JR, Su Z, et al. Predictive and pharmacodynamic biomarkers of interleukin-13 blockade: effect of lebrikizumab on late phase asthmatic response to allergen challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127(Suppl 2):AB164.
Wenzel S, Wilbraham D, Fuller R, Getz EB, Longphre M. Effect of an interleukin-4 variant on late phase asthmatic response to allergen challenge in asthmatic patients: results of two phase 2a studies. Lancet. 2007;370:1422-1431.
Wenzel S, Ford L, Pearlman D, et al. Dupilumab in Persistent Asthma with Elevated Eosinophil Levels. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(26):2455-2466.
Metz G, Kraft M. Effects of atypical infections with Mycoplasma and Chlamydia on asthma. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2010;30:575-585.
Altenburg J, de Graaff CS, van der Werf TS, Boersma WG. Immunomodulatory effects of macrolide antibiotics - part 1: biological mechanisms. Respiration 2011;81:67-74.
Friedlander AL, Albert RK. Chronic macrolide therapy in inflammatory airways diseases. Chest 2010;138:1202-1212.
Reiter J, Demirel N, Mendy A, et al. Macrolides for the long-term management of asthma – a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Allergy 2013; DOI: 10.1111/all.12199..
DOI: 10.1111/all.12199
Brusselle G, VanderStichele C, Jordens P, et al. Azytromycin for prevention of exacerbations in severe asthma (AZYSAST): a multicenter randomized double-blinde placebo-controlled trial. Thorax 2013;68:322-329.
Barnes PJ, Ito K, Adcock IM. Corticosteroid resistance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: inactivation of histone deacetylase. Lancet 2004;363:731-733.
Cosio B, Tsaprouni L, Ito K, Jazrawi E, Adcock I, and Peter J. Barnes Theophylline Restores Histone Deacetylase Activity and Steroid Responses in COPD Macrophages. J Exp Med. 2004(6);200(5):689-695.
Evans DJ, Taylor DA, Zetterstrom O, Chung KF, O’Connor BJ, Barnes PJ. A comparison of low-dose inhaled budesonide plus theophylline and high-dose inhaled budesonide for moderate asthma. New Engl J Med. 1997;337:1412-1418.
Kidney J, Dominguez M, Taylor PM, Rose M, Chung KF, Barnes PJ. Immunomodulation by theophylline in asthma: demonstration by withdrawal of therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:1907-1914.
Spears M, Donnelly I, Jolly L, Brannigan M, Ito K, McSharry C, et al. Effect of theophylline plus beclometasone on lung function in smokers with asthma—a pilot study. Eur Respir J. 2009;33:1010-1017.
To Y, Ito K, Kizawa Y, Failla M, Ito M, Kusama T, et al. Targeting phosphoinositide-3-kinase-d with theophylline reverses corticosteroid insensitivity in COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182:897-904.