Liguori C., Pierantozzi M., Spanetta M., Sarmati L., Cesta N., Iannetta M. et al. Subjective neurological symptoms frequently occur in patients with SARSCoV2 infection. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;88:11–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.037..
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.037

Sampaio Rocha-Filho P.A., Albuquerque P.M., Carvalho L.C.L.S., Dandara Pereira Gama M., Magalhães J.E. Headache, anosmia, ageusia and other neurological symptoms in COVID-19: a cross-sectional study. J Headache Pain. 2022;23(1):2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-021-01367-8..
DOI: 10.1186/s10194-021-01367-8

Islam M.A., Alam S.S., Kundu S., Hossan T., Kamal M.A., Cavestro C. Prevalence of Headache in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 14,275 Patients. Front Neurol. 2020;11:562634. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.562634..
DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.562634

García-Azorín D., Sierra Á., Trigo J., Alberdi A., Blanco M., Calcerrada I. et al. Frequency and phenotype of headache in COVID-19: a study of 2194 patients. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):14674. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94220-6..
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94220-6

Bolay H., Gül A., Baykan B. COVID-19 is a Real Headache! Headache. 2020;60(7):1415–1421. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13856..
DOI: 10.1111/head.13856

Tostmann A., Bradley J., Bousema T., Yiek W.K., Holwerda M., Bleeker-Rovers C. et al. Strong associations and moderate predictive value of early symptoms for SARS-CoV-2 test positivity among healthcare workers, the Netherlands, March 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(16):2000508. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.16.2000508..
DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.16.2000508

Rocha-Filho P.A.S., Magalhães J.E. Headache associated with COVID-19: Frequency, characteristics and association with anosmia and ageusia. Cephalalgia. 2020;40(13):1443–1451. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102420966770..
DOI: 10.1177/0333102420966770

Orrù G., Bertelloni D., Diolaiuti F., Mucci F., Di Giuseppe M., Biella M. et al. Long-COVID Syndrome? A Study on the Persistence of Neurological, Psychological and Physiological Symptoms. Healthcare (Basel). 2021;9(5):575. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050575..
DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9050575

Trigo J., García-Azorín D., Planchuelo-Gómez Á., Martínez-Pías E., Talavera B., Hernández-Pérez I. et al. Factors associated with the presence of headache in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and impact on prognosis: a retrospective cohort study. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):94. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-020-01165-8..
DOI: 10.1186/s10194-020-01165-8

De Marinis M., Welch K.M. Headache associated with non-cephalic infections: classification and mechanisms. Cephalalgia. 1992;12(4):197–201. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1992.1204197.x..
DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.1992.1204197.x

Amanat M., Rezaei N., Roozbeh M., Shojaei M., Tafakhori A., Zoghi A. et al. Neurological manifestations as the predictors of severity and mortality in hospitalized individuals with COVID-19: a multicenter prospective clinical study. BMC Neurol. 2021;21(1):116. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-021-02152-5..
DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02152-5

Toptan T., Aktan Ç., Başarı A., Bolay H. Case Series of Headache Characteristics in COVID-19: Headache Can Be an Isolated Symptom. Headache. 2020;60(8):1788–1792. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13940..
DOI: 10.1111/head.13940

Porta-Etessam J., Matías-Guiu J.A., González-García N., Gómez Iglesias P., Santos-Bueso E., Arriola-Villalobos P. et al. Spectrum of Headaches Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Study of Healthcare Professionals. Headache. 2020;60(8):1697–1704. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13902..
DOI: 10.1111/head.13902

López J.T., García-Azorín D., Planchuelo-Gómez Á., García-Iglesias C., Dueñas-Gutiérrez C., Guerrero Á.L. Phenotypic characterization of acute headache attributed to SARS-CoV-2: An ICHD-3 validation study on 106 hospitalized patients. Cephalalgia. 2020;40(13):1432–1442. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102420965146..
DOI: 10.1177/0333102420965146

Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd ed. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(1):1–211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102417738202..
DOI: 10.1177/0333102417738202

Caronna E., Ballvé A., Llauradó A., Gallardo V.J., Ariton D.M., Lallana S. et al. Headache: A striking prodromal and persistent symptom, predictive of COVID-19 clinical evolution. Cephalalgia. 2020;40(13):1410–1421. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102420965157..
DOI: 10.1177/0333102420965157

Sampaio Rocha-Filho P.A. Headache associated with COVID-19: Epidemiology, characteristics, pathophysiology, and management. Headache. 2022;62(6):650–656. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.14319..
DOI: 10.1111/head.14319

Goërtz Y.M.J., Van Herck M., Delbressine J.M., Vaes A.W., Meys R., Machado F.V.C. et al. Persistent symptoms 3 months after a SARSCoV-2 infection: the post-COVID-19 syndrome? ERJ Open Res. 2020;6(4):00542–2020. https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00542-2020..
DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00542-2020

Huang C., Huang L., Wang Y., Li X., Ren L., Gu X. et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet. 2021;397(10270):220–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S01406736(20)32656-8..
DOI: 10.1016/S01406736(20)32656-8

Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C., Navarro-Santana M., Gómez-Mayordomo V., Cuadrado M.L., García-Azorín D., Arendt-Nielsen L., Plaza-Manzano G. Headache as an acute and post-COVID-19 symptom in COVID-19 survivors: A meta-analysis of the current literature. Eur J Neurol. 2021;28(11):3820–3825. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.15040..
DOI: 10.1111/ene.15040

Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C., Navarro-Santana M., Gómez-Mayordomo V., Cuadrado M.L., García-Azorín D., Arendt-Nielsen L., Plaza-Manzano G. Headache as an acute and post-COVID-19 symptom in COVID-19 survivors: A meta-analysis of the current literature. Eur J Neurol. 2021;28(11):3820–3825. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.15040..
DOI: 10.1111/ene.15040

Garcia-Azorin D., Layos-Romero A., Porta-Etessam J., Membrilla J.A., Caronna E., Gonzalez-Martinez A. et al. Post-COVID-19 persistent headache: A multicentric 9-months follow-up study of 905 patients. Cephalalgia. 2022;42(8):804–809. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024211068074..
DOI: 10.1177/03331024211068074

Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C., Gómez-Mayordomo V., Cuadrado M.L., Palacios-Ceña D., Florencio L.L., Guerrero A.L. et al. The presence of headache at onset in SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with longterm post-COVID headache and fatigue: A case-control study. Cephalalgia. 2021;41(13):1332–1341. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024211020404..
DOI: 10.1177/03331024211020404

Al-Hashel J.Y., Abokalawa F., Alenzi M., Alroughani R., Ahmed S.F. Coronavirus disease-19 and headache; impact on pre-existing and characteristics of de novo: a cross-sectional study. J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):97. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-021-01314-7..
DOI: 10.1186/s10194-021-01314-7

Caronna E., Alpuente A., Torres-Ferrus M., Pozo-Rosich P. Toward a better understanding of persistent headache after mild COVID-19: Three migraine-like yet distinct scenarios. Headache. 2021;61(8):1277–1280. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.14197..
DOI: 10.1111/head.14197

Szperka C.L., Ailani J., Barmherzig R., Klein B.C., Minen M.T., Halker Singh R.B., Shapiro R.E. Migraine Care in the Era of COVID-19: Clinical Pearls and Plea to Insurers. Headache. 2020;60(5):833–842. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13810..
DOI: 10.1111/head.13810

Al-Hashel J.Y., Ismail I.I. Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on patients with migraine: a web-based survey study. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):115. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-020-01183-6..
DOI: 10.1186/s10194-020-01183-6

Magdy R., Hussein M., Ragaie C., Abdel-Hamid H.M., Khallaf A., Rizk H.I., Dahshan A. Characteristics of headache attributed to COVID-19 infection and predictors of its frequency and intensity: A cross sectional study. Cephalalgia. 2020;40(13):1422–1431. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102420965140..
DOI: 10.1177/0333102420965140

Li C., Li Y., Ma M., Zhang Y., Bao J., Ge W. et al. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on headache symptoms and drug withdrawal among patients with medication overuse headache: a cross-sectional study. J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-021-01256-0..
DOI: 10.1186/s10194-021-01256-0

Straburzyński M., Nowaczewska M., Budrewicz S., Waliszewska-Prosół M. COVID-19-related headache and sinonasal inflammation: A longitudinal study analysing the role of acute rhinosinusitis and ICHD-3 classification difficulties in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cephalalgia. 2022;42(3):218–228. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024211040753..
DOI: 10.1177/03331024211040753

Bolay H., Karadas Ö., Oztürk B., Sonkaya R., Tasdelen B., Bulut T.D.S. et al. HMGB1, NLRP3, IL-6 and ACE2 levels are elevated in COVID-19 with headache: a window to the infection-related headache mechanism. J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):94. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-021-01306-7..
DOI: 10.1186/s10194-021-01306-7

Trigo J., García-Azorín D., Sierra-Mencía Á., Tamayo-Velasco Á., Martínez-Paz P., Tamayo E. et al. Cytokine and interleukin profile in patients with headache and COVID-19: A pilot, CASE-control, study on 104 patients. J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-021-01268-w..
DOI: 10.1186/s10194-021-01268-w

Messlinger K., Neuhuber W., May A. Activation of the trigeminal system as a likely target of SARS-CoV-2 may contribute to anosmia in COVID-19. Cephalalgia. 2022;42(2):176–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024211036665..
DOI: 10.1177/03331024211036665

Bergmann C.C., Lane T.E., Stohlman S.A. Coronavirus infection of the central nervous system: host-virus stand-off. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2006;4(2):121–132. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1343..
DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1343

Hoffmann M., Kleine-Weber H., Schroeder S., Krüger N., Herrler T., Erichsen S. et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271–280.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052..
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052

Meinhardt J., Radke J., Dittmayer C., Franz J., Thomas C., Mothes R. et al. Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as a port of central nervous system entry in individuals with COVID-19. Nat Neurosci. 2021;24(2):168–175. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00758-5..
DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00758-5

Brann D.H., Tsukahara T., Weinreb C., Lipovsek M., Van den Berge K., Gong B. et al. Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia. Sci Adv. 2020;6(31):eabc5801. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc5801..
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc5801

Schulte L.H., May A. The migraine generator revisited: continuous scanning of the migraine cycle over 30 days and three spontaneous attacks. Brain. 2016;139(Pt 7):1987–1993. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aww097..
DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww097

Yan J., Melemedjian O.K., Price T.J., Dussor G. Sensitization of dural afferents underlies migraine-related behavior following meningeal application of interleukin-6 (IL-6). Mol Pain. 2012;8:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8069-8-6..
DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-8-6

Goadsby P.J., Edvinsson L., Ekman R. Vasoactive peptide release in the extracerebral circulation of humans during migraine headache. Ann Neurol. 1990;28(2):183–187. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410280213..
DOI: 10.1002/ana.410280213

Boldrini M., Canoll P.D., Klein R.S. How COVID-19 Affects the Brain. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78(6):682–683. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0500..
DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0500

Maassen Van Den Brink A., de Vries T., Danser A.H.J. Headache medication and the COVID-19 pandemic. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-020-01106-5..
DOI: 10.1186/s10194-020-01106-5

Arca K.N., Smith J.H., Chiang C.C., Starling A.J., Robertson C.E., Halker Singh R.B. et al. COVID-19 and Headache Medicine: A Narrative Review of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) and Corticosteroid Use. Headache. 2020;60(8):1558–1568. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13903..
DOI: 10.1111/head.13903

Gupta R., Misra A. Contentious issues and evolving concepts in the clinical presentation and management of patients with COVID-19 infection with reference to use of therapeutic and other drugs used in Co-morbid diseases (Hypertension, diabetes etc.). Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(3):251–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.03.012..
DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.03.012

Caronna E., José Gallardo V., Alpuente A., Torres-Ferrus M., Sánchez-Mateo N.M., Viguera-Romero J. et al. Safety of anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies in patients with migraine during the COVID-19 pandemic: Present and future implications. Neurologia (Engl Ed). 2021;36(8):611–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2021.03.003..
DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2021.03.003

Bailey E., Worthington H., Coulthard P. Ibuprofen and/or paracetamol (acetaminophen) for pain relief after surgical removal of lower wisdom teeth, a Cochrane systematic review. Br Dent J. 2014;216(8):451–455. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.330..
DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.330

Moore R.A., Derry S., Aldington D., Wiffen P.J. Single dose oral analgesics for acute postoperative pain in adults – an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(9):CD008659. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008659.pub3..
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008659.pub3

Moore R.A., Wiffen P.J., Derry S., Maguire T., Roy Y.M., Tyrrell L. Nonprescription (OTC) oral analgesics for acute pain – an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(11):CD010794. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010794.pub2..
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010794.pub2

Little P. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and COVID-19. BMJ. 2020;368:m1185. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1185..
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m1185

Amponsah S.K., Tagoe B., Adams I., Bugyei K.A. Efficacy and safety profile of corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in COVID-19 management: A narrative review. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1063246. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.1063246..
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1063246

Winther B., Mygind N. Potential benefits of ibuprofen in the treatment of viral respiratory infections. Inflammopharmacology. 2003;11(4):445–452. https://doi.org/10.1163/156856003322699627..
DOI: 10.1163/156856003322699627

Rinott E., Kozer E., Shapira Y., Bar-Haim A., Youngster I. Ibuprofen use and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(9):1259.e5–1259.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.06.003..
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.06.003

Lund L.C., Kristensen K.B., Reilev M., Christensen S., Thomsen R.W., Christiansen C.F. et al. Adverse outcomes and mortality in users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2: A Danish nationwide cohort study. PLoS Med. 2020;17(9):e1003308. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003308..
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003308

Chandan J.S., Zemedikun D.T., Thayakaran R., Byne N., Dhalla S., Acosta-Mena D. et al. Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Susceptibility to COVID-19. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73(5):731–739. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.41593..
DOI: 10.1002/art.41593

Abu Esba L.C., Alqahtani R.A., Thomas A., Shamas N., Alswaidan L., Mardawi G. Ibuprofen and NSAID Use in COVID-19 Infected Patients Is Not Associated with Worse Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study. Infect Dis Ther. 2021;10(1):253–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-020-00363-w..
DOI: 10.1007/s40121-020-00363-w

Kelleni M.T. Early use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in COVID-19 might reverse pathogenesis, prevent complications and improve clinical outcomes. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;133:110982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110982..
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110982

Kelleni M.T. Nitazoxanide/azithromycin combination for COVID-19: A suggested new protocol for early management. Pharmacol Res. 2020;157:104874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104874..
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104874

Moore N., Bosco-Levy P., Thurin N., Blin P., Droz-Perroteau C. NSAIDs and COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Drug Saf. 2021;44(9):929–938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-021-01089-5..
DOI: 10.1007/s40264-021-01089-5